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This paper investigates the accents of 4-mora words in the Ibuki-jima dialect of Kagawa Prefecture.
1) The accent system is as follows:
| high level (H) | falling (F) | low rising (L) | |
| 0 | ¯OOOO | \OOOO | /OOOO |
| 1 | ¯O'OOO | -- | -- |
| 2 | ¯OO'OO | \OO'OO | /OO'OO |
| 3 | ¯OOO'O | \OOO'O | /OOO'O |
| 4 | ¯OOOO' | -- | /OOOO' |
The F2 pattern and the F3 pattern are reported for the first time, and their characteristics are described.
2) Moraic phonemes can bear the accent kernel in this dialect. Even coda geminates 'sokuon' do, at least in the low rising register.
3) A list of more than 3800 words with accents is appended.
This paper analyses the basic function of the discourse marker, which could be defined as "an indicator of metapragmatic awareness and judgment." The function of discourse markers should be classified into four types: (1) to bracket the discourse units; (2) to indicate the utterer's metapragmatic judgment concerning the discourse structure; (3) to indicate the parapragmatic cognition; and (4) to indicate the utterer's attitude toward the status of his/her utterance. These functions work at different levels, and interact with each other.
This paper intends to clarify the semantic structure of the classifiers "-nin, "-wa", "-tou" and "-hiki" in counting animate beings in Japanese. We have examined the sentences cited from a database (January, 1990 - March, 2001) of four major Japanese newspapers and several popular TV programs, in which these classifiers for counting animate beings, as well as other classifiers for counting inanimate objects such as "-tai", "-dai" and "-ko" are found.
First, the semantic features of each classifier for counting animate beings are shown. It is to be noted that the classifier "-hiki" has two levels of usage: "-hiki¹" for counting unspesified non-human beings, and "-hiki²" for counting non-human, non-avian beings without salient features in physique, social function or significance.
Next, we discuss on some recent examples which come between animate/inanimate categories, such as "robot dogs" (AIBOTM)". Robot dogs, first marketed in June 1999, have been used with various types of classifiers. In the first stage, they were counted with "-dai", which is for classifying mechanic objects. Then gradually, some articles started adopting animate classifiers "-hiki" and "-tou" to emphasize the high degree of animacy of robot dogs. In the latest stage, they are counted with the classifier "-ko", one of the most unmarked classifiers for counting objects.
Finally, this paper claims that the concept of animacy and its degree take precedence of biological classification, and they play the most important role when a speaker decides which classifier to apply in counting an entity. If one feels a high degree of animacy in a certain object, one can count it with animate classifiers; on the other hand, when one does not find animacy in what one is counting, there is no way to use animate classifiers.
The aim of this study is to clarify the process of <j-palatalization> and the order of phonological changes in the analysis of Chosen materials transcribed either with the Japanese or with the Korean writing system.
In the analysis of the Goonhonyaku, I concluded that it cannot be confirmed whether <j> had the palatalized alophones of tsh / dzh.
And in the analysis of the Zenichidojin, the Butsumyo and the Korinsuchi, it can be concluded that <d-palatalization> is prior to both <j-palatalization> and <n-deletion>.
The process of <j-palatalization> and <the mergeer of sV : siV> are analysed through the analysis of the Korinsuchi.
This paper describes the meaning of the Chinese "ba" construction. The "ba" construction means that doing something, a state or attribute of something causes the thing expressed by noun (phrases) following "ba" to change.
The Bantik language is one of the Austronesian languages which is spoken in North Sulawesi. It is classified as one of the Sangiric languages. In this paper, basic syntactic structures of Bantik are explained. First, verbs and their syntactic features, as well as voices that they may take are explained. Verbs in Bantik appear with one of the following three affixes: infix -um-/-im- of prefix ma-/na- or prefix maN-/naN-. There are three subcategories of the verbs: intransitive, transitive, and ditransitive, into which verbs are subcategorized according to the number of the nouns they can take in a sentence. Nouns in Bantik may appear in a sentence with one of the three prefixes, i-, ni-/nu-, or si-/su-, which seem to behave as case markers. Other word classes such as adjectives, prepositions, and clitics are posited for Bantik.
This article presents the outline of negation in the Sumbawan language. Sumbawan has the following types of negative words: (i) no and the combination of no with the aspect marker ka = 'perfect' and/or one of the three discourse markers, si, mo or po; (ii) na; and (iii) siong. (i) no expresses general negation, while (ii) na expresses prohibition, and (iii) siong is used when the speaker clearly recognizes the alternative situation to what is denied and has the intention to express it.
Of the predicates in Tibetan, the predicate with a suffix -kyu that makes a verb nominal or "V-kyu + predicate verb" can be interpreted not only as a nominal predicate but also as a verbal predicate. When the predicate is interpreted as a verbal predicate, there is a common feature where it "represents a situation that the speaker understands will be definitely materialized." However, the predicate can represent a wide variety of meanings and features depending on whether the predicate verb is a copular verb or an existential verb, or from what kind of viewpoint the speaker understands the situation or what kind of circumstance the situation is in.
There are three kinds of relative clauses in Pwo Karen (Eastern dialect), which are the postnominal type, the prenominal type and the marked type. The purpose of this paper is to explore the factors which condition the choice among these three. We can see from the survey that (1) when the head noun is the subject of the relative clause, the postnominal type is favored; (2) when the head noun is the non-subject of the relative clause, the prenominal type is favored; and (3) the choice of the marked type shows low frequency.
The Institute of Oriental Stidies in St. Petersburg, Russia, houses one of the most extensive collections of Central Asian manuscripts in the world. A joint project of the Institute and the Toyo Bunko (Tokyo) is now under way, which will eventually bring 250,000 frames of microfilm of the manuscripts in languages from Chinese to Arabic. The present, provisional, catalogue lists only a small portion of it, the manuscripts in Khotanese-Saka, a medieval Iranian language from Central Asia.
A questionnaire survey was carried out at a Gesamtschule in Kreuzberg, Berlin, to find out the attitude of young German/Turkish bilinguals toward their languages. In this paper it is speculated what could be reflected in the replies to the question "In which language do you feel yourself speaking when you dream?"
In this paper I deal with the Azpeitia dialect of Basque. I try to describe the usage and meaning of the periphrastic verbal construction with the auxiliary zako conjugation.
The gerund in Amharic, which is spoken in Ethiopia and belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, has been said to have two meanings or usages in previous works. These two are a usage that expresses an action which preccedes another action in terms of time (consecutive usage) and a usage that expresses a simultaneous or circumstantial action which accompanies another action (circumstantial usage). In this paper, it is argued that the latter has a semantic relationship to the former. A divergent word order seen in some of the circumstantial usage is also pointed out.
91 riddles in Cuzco Quechua are presented with glosses, translations and notes.
