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This paper aims to reveal how a language changes its structure when it is going out of use. I will illustrate the generational differences among Bantik speakers. Bantik is one of the Austronesian languages which is endangered. I will compare the data I got from Bantik speakers in their twenties and in their fifties to show how Young Bantik speakers lose or radically distort the original rules of the language in a relatively short period of time.
Sakha (Yakut) has an expression called "paired words", which intuitively resemble compounds. However, unlike compounds, paired words can take derivational and inflectional affixes both on the first and the second members. The present paper aims to demonstrate, from the author's own researches of the present-day colloquial speech, that paired words have many characteristics common, not with compounds as has been claimed, but with echo words.
The present paper first points out that the occurrence and non-occurrence of tioh cannot be explained sufficiently according to the descriptions proposed so far. Some uses of tioh where the direction of the action is reversed compared to the tioh-less form, such as sang "give a present", which comes to mean "receive" when used with tioh, are also pointed out. From the analysis of such forms, the meaning "the consequences of the action that cannot be accomplished by the intention of the subject alone befall the subject" is proposed. It is shown that some uses previously excluded as exceptional, such as koa n "be cold" -tioh "catch a cold" or ai "love" -tioh "fall in love" can also be explained uniformly under the same definition.
The accent patterns of the (simple) verbs, derivative verbs and compound verbs in Korean in the Korean Autonomous District, Jilin-xing, China, are described. Verbs with monosyllabic stems can be classified into five classes according to the accent altenation when an ending is attached. Disyllabic verbs can be classified into three (HL, LH, LL) patterns, and trisyllabic verbs into four (HLL, LHL, LLH, LLL) patterns. In derivative verbs peculiar patterns to this group such as LHH and HLH are observed. Compound verbs with the second member showing a special alternation pattern change their accent from one ending to another.
This paper focuses on the following three Old English verbs with the double accusative: (ge-)læran "to teach", (a-/ge-)biddan "to ask for, pray for" and (ge-)ascian "to inquire", which have been referred to in the literature as representatives of the verbs that may take such an object pattern. However, a close examination of the examples of these three verbs in major West-Saxon prose texts reveals the fact that there are only a small number of cases which can safely be said to take the double accusative.
It is known that in a certain genre of songs in Minnan (Taiwanese) and Cantonese there is a correlation between the tone of the lyric and the melody. By analyzing this correlation a revision to the current interpretations is proposed. A new framework using the tone features presented here clarifies the phonological structure of this phenomenon and enables an inter-linguistic comparison.
A new phonological interpretation is presented on the accentual system of the Taegu dialect (Korean), whereby the accent rules and constraints concerning the nominal inflection and derivation, such as the formation of compound and derived nouns, are explained. A possibility to predict the accent pattern of a given syllable corresponding to a Chinese character by means of the above rules on word formation is discussed.
Sida is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Northern Laos and Vietnam. Three Sida dialects spoken in Northern Laos are compared here with the sound correspondences among them. Sida, belonging to the Southern Loloish subgroup, preserves the Proto-Loloish tonal system intact.
In the Cuzco Dialect of Quechua verbs in the subordinate clause used as the direct object of the matrix verb (direct object clause) appear in nominalized forms with affixes -sqa, -na, -y or -q. By listing the possible combinations of each form and different matrix verbs, an attempt is made to describe the meaning of these affixes.
The meaning of "U" in Taiwanese (Minnan), when it occurs before a verb or an adjective, is examined here. Having analysed the meaning of "U + VP" in two groups, "some action has taken place" and "some state is confirmed or some action is done habitually", a conclusion is drawn that "U" means, in all cases, "a certain state is achieved". Before an adjective, it is claimed that "U" means that "a certain degree is reached".
It is quite difficult to attribute to a single factor when to use the Japanese conjunctive kara and when to use node, both meaning "because". Taking into account possibly relevant factors one can say that: 1) In colloquial style kara is preferred to node, while, when the factor of "politeness" is present, node is strongly required. 2) When the logic connecting the first clause and the second clause appears to be subjective, kara sounds natural, while node will fit with the objective logic connecting the two clauses. 3) kara seems required when the cause is emphasized, but node fits better when the result is more important. 4) The logic factor 2) is more effective to kara than to node, while the causation factor 3) works better for node than for kara.
In Latin the superative suffix and some ordinal suffixes reflect Proto-Indo-European <mº> (syllabic m with subscript º). Since this sound occurs prevocalically, as in *-C<mº>V-, the reconstruction has met some difficulties. So far, starting from the *mº in such circumstances some intermediate stages such as *em or *am are supposed before it reaches the attested um in Latin. The present paper points out difficulties in these theories, and supposes a schwa before m in the intermediate stage referring to the data from inscriptions and the neighboring Sabellian languages. It also suggests that the position of the accent is relevant to the emergence of the schwa.
The present paper deals with the causative of verbs with one or two argument(s) in Amis. Amis forms a causative by means of derivational affixes. It is indicated that different derivations point to different degrees to which the causer participates in the realization of the action of the causee, that in the causative sentence derived from a sentence with two arguments the causer and the causee can be focused upon, but the object cannot, and that the focus on the causee rather than the causer is overwhelmingly preferred.
The Chonju dialect of Korean has been considered to be an accentless dialect which lost all the accent oppositions. However, a series of researches revealed that, although greatly unstable, it still has a system of accent. This paper claims that the Chonju dialect has an accentual system with examples from the author's researches.
The present paper deals with the usage of the adverb yoku in Japanese. In order to clarify the conditions on which it is used, three groups of its uses, "yoku of degree", "yoku of frequency" and "yoku of estimate", are examined.
The study of the accent system of the Pusan dialect has not advanced so far beyond the stage of fact recording. The present paper deals with the accent system of nouns as well as the accent rules operating in the formation of compound nouns.
The present paper claims that a phonological unit mora should be set up in addition to the hitherto recognized syllable. Focusing on the phonetic-phonological phenomenon called stød which is characteristically observed in Danish dialects, it points out that the unit of mora is needed for the descriotion of stød especially regarding the conditions of its emergence, and proposes the separation of the unit of syllable that carries the accent (i. e. stød) and the unit of mora for measuring the length of the syllable. It also mentions the concept of syllable boundary which is important for establishing moras.
In Tsat (Huihui), tu24 + NP indicating the object of an action can occur before a verb. However, not in all cases is such a construction allowed. This paper points out that, when it is allowed, the object tends to be something one can handle with one's hands, which suggests that the connection with the original meaning of tu24 as "take" underlies the construction.
The present paper deals with the Longjing dialect of Korean, spoken in the Yanbian district of China. First, it compares the accentual patterns of this dialect with those of Middle Korean for one to three syllable nouns, with the result of over 90 percent of regular correspondences. Second, a comparison between the older and younger generations of this dialect is made. The most significant difference between these two groups lies in the pitch patterns of the nouns with the flat type. While this type is found generally among the older generation, it is limited to nouns ending in a consonant among the younger generation, which suggests that an accentual change is taking place between the two groups.
This paper explores the relative position of the verb ír "to write" and its direct object, with a result that certain tendencies can be detected according to the conjugation types of the verb and the nature of the object noun. When the verb ír is conjugated in the indefinite, the object tends to precede the verb, while, when it is conjugated in the definite, the object may either precede or follow the verb.
This paper examines the accent of two syllable verbs and adjectives of the Taegu Dialect mainly based on the introspection of the author. Their accent patterns show a regular correlation to the segmental phonology of the word, namely to whether it has an initial syllable with a long vowel. It is also shown that the effects of the particles and endings attached to nouns or verbs/adjectives can be explaind regularly in terms of a set of rules.
Japanese has a number of transitive-intransitive verb pairs, such as Mado o akeru "(one) opens the window" and mado ga aku "The windows opens". Intransitive verbs of such pairs include a wide range of verbs such as those in which the agent of the action is highly prominent and those in which the action takes place without the participation of the agent, as well as those which are hardly distinguishable from or indentical with the transitive counterpart. The present paper analyzes and tries to elucidate the interrelationship of such verbs, with a view to shedding light to the prototype of the intransitive.
This paper investigates, with the aid of an object, how the Mongols describe spatial relations. In a sentence expressing the spatial relation of X and Y, such as X-i:n baru:n tal-d Y baina "There is Y to the right/west of X", baru:n is mostly taken to mean "right(hand)". In Mongolian, when the object X has a front, it is always the point in relation to which the other object Y is situated, no matter whether Y is a human, an animal, an inanimate object, a photo or a drawing, and Y is considered to be "to the right of" X. In a small number of cases the position of Y is seen in relation to the speaker or the hearer, and especially in predominantly nomadic areas baru:n is considered to mean "to the west of".
This paper examines the syllabic structure of Shibo on the basis of the verbal accent. It is shown that the rules of the accentuation of verbs can be established if an underlying vowel phoneme is posited after the syllable-ending consonant in a stem final or word final closed syllable.
Geshitsa is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Western part of the Sichuan Province, China. Its area is situated within the so-called "Ethnic Corridor of Western Sichuan" in Western Sichuan and Northern Yunnan where many ethnic minorities and their languages are found. These languages are also called Western Sichuan Corridor languages. Many of these languages mark grammatical person on the verb phrase. Geshitsa has a particularly complex system of person marking. In this morphological analysis of the person marking system, it is shown that the analyses made so far have only dealt with superficial appearances, and that a morphophonological analysis can offer clarification of the data. A new classification is thus proposed, and further problems are presented.
While most of the dialects of Mongol have the vowel phoneme /θ/ which corresponds to ö in Written Mongol, the Khorchin dialects in the Eastern Inner Mongolia do not have it. The present paper examines how the /θ/ in the other dialects is represented in the Jarud dialect, one of the Khorchin dialects.
Khmer has a rigid word-order, which can separate semantically connected components of a predicate. However, such components can join by means of the location verb NEV. In addition to the hitherto noticed stylistic feature of formal or literary style, NEV has an important syntactic function of forming a compound predicate from semantically connected components.
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